摘要:本文以中国潮剧在泰国本土化的两种形态——泰语潮剧和酬神潮剧为研究对象,探讨泰国华族与佬族关于国家与社会地位关系的转变是怎样在泰国潮剧这一场域中得以实现的,进而尝试分析潮剧如何超越国界、族群社区,在泰国多元文化结构中获得特殊的社会意义,同时揭示体现在泰国潮剧发展形态中艺术与社会政治文化、不同文化、不同艺术传统之间的关系。
关键词:泰语潮剧 酬神潮剧 社会场域
Chao Opera in Thailand and Chao Opera for Thanking Gods
----Sociological Reflection on Thai Chao Opera
Abstract: Chao opera in Thailand and Chao opera for thanking gods are two
localized patterns of China’s Chao opera in Thailand. By them, this paper
studies how ethnic Chinese group and Lao in Thailand exchange their relationships
on national and social status in the field of Thai Chao opera. Moreover, it
tries to further analyze the reasons that Chao opera goes beyond the national
boundaries and ethnic communities so as to acquire special social meaning in the
multi-cultural structure of Thailand. At the same time, it reveals the relationships
not only between art and socio-political culture, different types of culture but
also among diverse artistic traditions in the development of Thai Chao opera.
Key Words: Chao Opera in Thailand, Chao Opera for Thanking Gods, Social field
泰国潮剧包括在泰国的中国潮剧与本土化的泰国潮剧。前者的表现形态为传统潮剧,特征是坚持潮人唱潮调,保持潮剧艺术的精雅本色。后者具体表现为泰语潮剧[1][①]和酬神潮剧[2][②]。泰语潮剧的演员以华族[3][③]为主,剧本与舞台唱词都用泰语;酬神潮剧的佬族演员占戏班演员的比重越来越大,虽然演出时有些楔子与旁白用泰语,但剧本是以汉语为文字,唱词全用潮语。泰语潮剧与酬神潮剧是中国潮剧在泰国社会文化结构中的衍化,具有不同的文化特征、功能与意义。泰语潮剧以娱人性与审美性为主,酬神潮剧以娱神性和仪式性为主,二者存在的意义不仅在于潮剧艺术本身,而且在于泰国社会及文化对潮剧的接受方式。泰语潮剧成为国家艺术形式,华族艺术地位从社会文化生活向政治生活过渡;佬族唱酬神潮剧,实现其社会阶层的转化,从国家力量过渡到社会力量。在泰语潮剧的语言策略上,华族与佬族戏曲艺人实现了其艺术与社会身份的转换。